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Before dawn on April 30, 2019, Juan Guaidó and Leopoldo López — Venezuela’s U.S.-backed interim president and, until that morning, the country’s most prominent political prisoner — stood together and declared the end of Nicolás Maduro’s regime.
The walls were closing in. A plane, U.S. officials would claim, was waiting on the tarmac to escort Maduro to Cuba.
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Two years later, Guaidó’s star has fallen, López is in exile, and Maduro remains in the Miraflores Palace.
Axios spoke with key figures in the effort to oust Maduro and witnesses to the events that day to examine what went wrong and what happens now.
John Bolton’s day began with a 5:25 a.m. phone call from the secretary of state, Mike Pompeo.
By then it was clear to both officials that “this was the day,” Bolton tells Axios. For the first time in his tenure as national security adviser, Bolton woke Donald Trump.
He relayed the message that Guaidó was putting his plan to split the regime and oust Maduro into action, and that the day could end with either Venezuelan leader imprisoned.
“I saw on social media that Juan Guaidó and Leopoldo López were together,” recounts Carlos Sandoval, a writer and literature professor at the Central University of Venezuela.
“Guaidó said he was in la Carlota, which is an air force base located in downtown, basically,” Sandoval says.
“He said that this was part of the process to free the country. That people needed to be in the streets and, well, people responded to that call.”
“When I woke up, I saw this guy (López) is out, I said, ‘What the hell is happening?’” recalls Francisco Santos, the Colombian ambassador to the U.S., who had been coordinating closely with the White House and Guaidó’s team in the run-up to April 30.
After receiving assurances that “everything had been tied up” and Maduro’s inner circle was about to abandon him, Santos thought: “Wow. They’re going to pull it off. Now we have a totally different ballgame.”
Leopoldo López (R) stands alongside Guaidó in Caracas. Photo: Cristian Hernandez/AFP via Getty
Carlos Vecchio, Guaidó’s ambassador in Washington, was in regular contact with Guaidó and others on the ground. Mostly, he remembers the waiting.
“We spoke to everybody and we never received a no from anybody,” a source who was coordinating between the opposition and the regime ahead of April 30 tells Axios.
“Everybody” included the heads of the supreme court and armed forces — Maikel Moreno and Vladimir Padrino, respectively — and others in Maduro’s inner circle.
They had been offered protections if Maduro lost power, and all seemed willing to play their part — or at least to jump ship when Maduro’s fall was imminent.
The first domino fell when the head of the secret police, Christopher Figuera, facilitated López’s escape from house arrest.
Moreno was to move next, declaring Maduro illegitimate and elevating the National Assembly. Padrino would then publicly align the military with the supreme court’s decision.
The public and the rank-and-file military, among whom Maduro was widely loathed, would rally behind Guaidó. The vise would close fast enough that he’d have no way out.
The era of two presidents — which began in January with a declaration that Maduro was a “usurper” and National Assembly President Guaidó the legitimate leader — would be over.
“Time works against you with something like this,” Santos says.
“After four or five hours when nothing had happened, I said, ‘uh oh. I think this is not happening.’”
National Guard troops loyal to Maduro arrive on the scene. Photo: Yuri Cortez/AFP via Getty
“When I was outside, near to where I live, the first thing I encountered was an officer from the national guard shooting people who were congregating in the street,” Sandoval says.
People fled as a “colectivo,” or leftist paramilitary group, arrived and began shooting. This all took place right outside of a police station.
“The first thing you think of is, ‘Wait, Juan Guaidó said that there was something developing, some events were taking place, so how is it that the police don’t know what to do?’ … You realize that this is just the same old story as always.”
“When it began to look grim was when we heard that Maduro had been taken to Fort Tiuna and the Russians and the Cubans were there and they were digging in,” Bolton reflects. “They weren’t going to let him go, that’s for sure.”
In the early afternoon, by which time the situation had “taken a dip downhill,” Bolton emerged in front of the White House and shocked the international media by declaring that Padrino, Moreno and Iván Hernández Dala, the head of the presidential guard, had all conspired against Maduro.
“I just wanted everybody to be sure that we knew what was going on. That we knew that people in the Maduro regime had been part of this plot,” Bolton says.
John Bolton briefs the press. Photo: Brendan Smialowski/AFP via Getty
Four protesters had been killed and more than 200 injured.
“By noon, I knew this is just another episode of a long novel that still has no end. We don’t know when it will end, maybe I’ll die and miss the ending.”
Carlos Sandoval, writer and literature professor
The regime insiders never fully trusted the opposition’s promises, the military was only ever going to side with the winning team, and “Maduro kept his cool,” the source who was coordinating between the sides says.
If Maduro had fired the military chiefs who plotted behind his back, the source says, the military could have turned on him. Instead, he assured them of his loyalty.
One by one, the regime’s top figures took their places beside Maduro. The following morning, Padrino was on state TV, smiling alongside his commander-in-chief.
“We came very close,” Guaido says, asked by Axios to reflect on April 30. “And we are very close to achieving a transition.”
“The most important element of what April 30 represents,” he said last week at the Hudson Institute, is that the military will play a central role in any transition.
Even those close to the effort to oust Maduro remain unsure whether the would-be turncoats double crossed them, hedged their bets, or simply got cold feet.
“We underestimated the capability of Maduro to penetrate information and things like that,” Santos says. In Vecchio’s view, the opposition “underestimated the real nature of the regime… the criminal organization in power.”
Nicolás Maduro alongside Vladimir Padrino at his inauguration. Photo: Juan Barreto/AFP via Getty
Bolton, in part, blames Trump. He says the president was ready to rally behind Guaidó one moment and abandon him the next — to the extent that that Bolton felt Maduro’s overthrow had to be accomplished quickly, before Trump abandoned the cause entirely.
“I think it unquestionably hurt the chances of success,” Bolton says. And after April 30 failed, Trump “didn’t want anything to do with it.”
“From that day on, I felt cheated,” Sandoval says.
“I felt like I was just another one of the bunch, another Venezuelan that wrongly believed in the opposition,” Sandoval says.
“Now, for someone to convince me to go to a march, to listen to some politician, it’s almost impossible. You can’t even pay me to do that because I don’t believe in anything anymore.”
The suffering in Venezuela intensified in the months after April 30, even as the eyes of the world largely moved on.
The migrant crisis has accelerated. Five million Venezuelans now live outside the country, around 2 million of them across the border in Colombia. “The musicality of Bogotá has changed,” Santos says, because of the number of Venezuelan accents.
By one estimate, 96% of those who remain in the country are living in poverty.
“I think after April 30, Venezuelans became lethargic, and this feeling doesn’t seem to have an ending date,” Sandoval says.
“We’re living in a situation that, with inflation, with the pandemic, with quarantine, the situation has gotten much more difficult because we are trying not to die from COVID or trying not to die of hunger.”
Venezuelans cross into Colombia. Photo: Schneyder Mendoza/AFP via Getty
Guaidó is trying to keep the fight alive, and to regenerate the internal momentum and global attention that was so palpable two years ago.
“We created a crack inside of the regime, and Maduro knows that,” Vecchio says. “He cannot trust the people that are surrounding him. And any time again we will be able to open that door for a change in Venezuela.”
That is, he says, if the opposition remains united, and the U.S. and its allies coordinate an effective strategy to pressure Maduro while also providing humanitarian aid.
The Biden administration’s attention has thus far been elsewhere — the pandemic, China, Russia, the Iran deal. A Venezuela policy review is in progress.
The administration continues to recognize Guaidó and to refer to Maduro as a “dictator.”
A spokesman for State Department’s Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs told Axios the U.S. would work to help “bring the humanitarian crises in Venezuela to an end through practical and effective international cooperation,” while also combatting “the transnational crime and criminal networks emanating from Venezuela.”
“I don’t think things will change politically soon. I don’t see it,” Sandoval says.
“As an optimist though, I will keep working, I will continue to help my students. They can’t leave the country but they can try to find their way.”
“I hope my optimism finds a way.”
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